Veterinay Gynaecology State VO PYQs

Results

QUIZ START

#1. Which of the following organs is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

Anterior pituitary

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

Ovary

#2. What is the principal physiological function of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

Stimulating the preovulatory surge of LH and FSH

Stimulating progesterone secretion

Inducing uterine contractions

Promoting milk let-down

#3. Which hormone is directly responsible for preparing the uterine endometrium and mucosa for embryonic implantation?

Estrogen

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Progesterone

Prolactin

#4. Pregnancy maintenance in the sow is entirely dependent on progesterone produced from which of the following structures throughout gestation?

Placenta

Corpus Luteum

Adrenal cortex

Follicle

#5. Which of the following represents classical placental hormones found in domestic animals?

hCG and eCG

FSH and LH

ACTH and TSH

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

#6. Which exogenous hormone is characterized by having primarily LH-like luteinizing activity and is clinically used to induce ovulation?

Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Melatonin

#7. Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG / eCG) exhibits primarily which type of hormonal activity, making it highly effective for superovulation?

LH-like activity

FSH-like follicle-stimulating activity

ACTH-like activity

Progesterone-like activity

#8. Which essential hormones are responsible for the relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and cervical dilation during parturition?

Progesterone and LH

Relaxin and Estrogen

Oxytocin and Prolactin

ACTH and Cortisol

#9. What is the primary hormone responsible for the neuroendocrine reflex of milk let-down in dairy animals?

Prolactin

Oxytocin

Growth hormone

Estrogen

#10. Which cells of the testes secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) to concentrate testosterone within the seminiferous tubules?

Leydig cells

Sertoli cells

Myoid cells

Spermatogonia

#11. Which hormone (also known as Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone in males) is responsible for stimulating Leydig cells to secrete androgens?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

GnRH

Prolactin

#12. What chemical feature of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG) is responsible for its prolonged biological half-life in circulation?

High lipid content

High sialic acid content

Short peptide chains

High sulfur content

#13. Which endocrine event is directly responsible for initiating follicular rupture and ovulation in cows?

Progesterone surge

Surge of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

FSH decline

PGF2alpha release

#14. What is the primary native luteolytic factor originating from the endometrium in cows?

Progesterone

Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)

Oxytocin

Estrogen

#15. Which of the following is the key hormone responsible for cervical ripening and dilation during parturition?

Oxytocin

Relaxin

Progesterone

Inhibin

#16. Which of the following represents the longest phase of the bovine estrous cycle?

Proestrus

Estrus

Metestrus

Diestrus

#17. During embryonic development, which of the following female reproductive organs develop from the Müllerian (Paramesonephric) ducts?

Ovaries and cranial vagina

Uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina

Uterus and kidneys

Oviduct and clitoris

#18. Which substance, secreted by embryonic Sertoli cells, is responsible for the suppression and regression of Müllerian ducts in male embryos?

Testosterone

Müllerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)

Inhibin

Estrogen

#19. The gubernaculum testis is defined as which of the following structures that guides testicular descent into the scrotum?

A muscular sheath

Fibromuscular inguinal ligament of the gonad

An elastic vascular tube

A peritoneal fold

#20. In stallions, which anatomical structure enters the inguinal canal before the testis during fetal testicular descent?

Gubernaculum

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Pampiniform plexus

#21. The descent of testes into the scrotal cavity in swine occurs during which stage of development?

First trimester of pregnancy

During the last quarter of pregnancy/fetal life

Two months post-birth

At puberty

#22. After reaching puberty, how does the number of Sertoli cells in the testes of domestic animals change?

Increases continuously with age

Remains fixed and does not change

Decreases by 50%

Fluctuates seasonally

#23. How does the difference between scrotal temperature and rectal temperature in boars compare to other domestic species?

It is much larger

It is less than other species due to perineal positioning

It is exactly the same

Boars do not have scrotal temperature regulation

#24. The convoluted duct of the epididymis is extremely long. What is its approximate length in the stallion?

10 metres

36 metres

50 metres

80 metres

#25. From which embryological site do primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise before migrating to the genital ridge?

Genital ridge directly

Extragonadally (from the epiblast/yolk sac)

Mesonephros

Metanephros

#26. Gartner’s ducts in adult female cattle represent the blind remnants of which embryonic system?

Müllerian duct system

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct system

Pronephric duct system

Urogenital sinus

#27. Which accessory sex gland is responsible for secreting the characteristic gel-like fraction of boar semen?

Seminal vesicles

Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands

Prostate gland

Ampulla

#28. Embryonically, the bulbourethral gland is developed from which of the following structures?

Wolffian duct

Urogenital sinus

Müllerian duct

Mesonephric tubules

#29. Where is the sigmoid flexure positioned in the penis of the boar?

Postscrotal position

Prescrotal position

Perineal position

Infrascrotal position

#30. How does the total number of oocytes in the ovaries change from birth to puberty?

Increases due to mitotic divisions

Decreases continuously due to atresia

Remains constant

Doubles

#31. With regard to ion richness, spermatozoa are highly rich in compared to seminal plasma, which is rich in .

Sodium, Calcium

Potassium, Sodium

Sodium, Potassium

Magnesium, Zinc

#32. Which of the following is the primary production site of glyceryl phosphoryl choline (GPC) in the male reproductive tract?

Seminal vesicles

Epididymis

Testes

Prostate

#33. The anterior ovarian artery in domestic animals arises as a direct branch of which major blood vessel?

External iliac artery

Abdominal aorta

Internal iliac artery

Renal artery

#34. In which of the following domestic animals is the sigmoid flexure absent in the penis?

Bulls and Rams

Stallions and Dogs

Boars and Bulls

Bucks and Rams

#35. Which of the following structures is NOT a content of the spermatic cord?

Vas deferens

Dartos muscle

Cremaster muscle

Spermatic vessels

#36. What is the correct chronological sequence of the phases in the bovine estrous cycle?

Proestrus → Metestrus → Estrus → Diestrus

Proestrus → Estrus → Metestrus → Diestrus

Estrus → Proestrus → Metestrus → Diestrus

Diestrus → Metestrus → Proestrus → Estrus

#37. What is the normal duration of active standing estrus in cows?

2 to 4 hours

12 to 24 hours

36 to 48 hours

3 to 4 days

#38. What is the physiological cause of metestrous bleeding commonly observed in heifers?

Progesterone surge

Estrogen withdrawal leading to capillary engorgement

Rupture of the uterine wall

Luteolysis

#39. The ‘winking of the clitoris’ is a pathognomonic behavioral sign of active estrus in which of the following animals?

Cow

Mare

Sow

Bitch

#40. How do three-wave follicular patterns affect the estrous cycle length of cows compared to two-wave patterns?

They shorten the cycle length

They increase the cycle length (~22-23 days vs. ~19-20 days)

They have no effect on cycle length

They cause persistent anestrus

#41. What is the major clinical disadvantage of using PMSG (eCG) in estrus synchronization protocols?

Its very short half-life

Its prolonged half-life causing persistent follicles and accessory CLs

It causes anaphylactic shock in all animals

It inhibits ovulation completely

#42. For Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) to be effective in treating false anoestrus (subestrus) in cows, what ovarian structure must be present?

Developing follicle

Mature, functional corpus luteum

Atretic follicle

Ovarian cyst

#43. Silent estrus (silent heat) is a major reproductive management challenge highly prevalent and commonly observed in which animal?

Mare

Buffalo

Sow

Ewe

#44. What is the transient corpus luteum of the non-pregnant estrous cycle called?

Corpus luteum verum

Corpus luteum spurium

Corpus albicans

Corpus hemorrhagicum

#45. At what time does ovulation typically occur in cows?

During early proestrus

10 to 14 hours after the end of estrus (spontaneous post-estrus)

Coitus-induced during estrus

48 hours before estrus signs

#46. Which of the following is NOT used as an aid for estrus detection in cows?

Teaser bulls

Ferguson's reflex

Standing heat response

Tail painting

#47. Cystic ovarian degeneration (follicular and luteal cysts) in dairy cows develops primarily due to a failure in which endocrine event?

PGF2alpha release

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) surge

Progesterone withdrawal

ACTH release

#48. The behavioral manifestation of ‘Nymphomania’ (constant, irregular heat) in dairy cows is clinically linked to which condition?

Luteal cysts

Follicular cysts

Persistent corpus luteum

Ovarian hypoplasia

#49. Anovulatory ovarian structures over 2-5 cm in diameter characterized by partially luteinized walls and progesterone secretion are classified as:

Follicular cysts

Luteal cysts

Cystic corpus luteum

Persistent CL

#50. What is ‘split estrus’, a condition commonly observed in heifers and mares?

An estrus cycle with two ovulations in one wave

Active estrus split into two phases separated by a short non-receptive period

Estrus signs accompanied by metestrous bleeding

Estrus without ovulation

#51. At what temperature are semen straws stored in liquid nitrogen for cryopreservation?

-79°C

-196°C

0°C

4°C

#52. What material is strictly used for manufacturing frozen semen straws in modern cryopreservation?

Polyethylene

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Glass

Modulated rubber

#53. Which of the following animal species yields the largest semen volume in a single normal ejaculate?

Stallion

Boar (reaches 150-250 ml)

Bull

Ram

#54. What is the standard thawing protocol for 0.25 ml or 0.5 ml bovine semen straws?

30°C for 5 minutes

37°C for 30 seconds

50°C for 10 seconds

Thawing in running tap water for 15 minutes

#55. What is the optimum water temperature inside a bull’s artificial vagina (AV) at the time of semen collection?

37°C to 39°C

42°C to 46°C

50°C to 55°C

30°C to 35°C

#56. During bull semen collection using an AV, which factor is of greater importance for successful ejaculation?

AV inner pressure

AV inner temperature

AV lubrication level

Angle of mounting

#57. What is the primary method employed for semen collection in dogs?

Artificial Vagina

Digital manipulation (manual massage)

Electro-ejaculation

Vaginal recovery

#58. Which technique is standard and recommended for semen collection in boars?

Artificial Vagina

Gloved hand technique

Electro-ejaculation

Manual massage of ampulla

#59. Which of the following is the most widely used intracellular cryoprotectant for freezing bovine semen?

DMSO

Glycerol

Ethylene glycol

Methanol

#60. Which of the following is the most common extender used for cryopreservation of bovine semen?

Ringer's lactate

Tris-buffered egg yolk glycerol diluent

Phosphate buffered saline

Skim milk diluent

#61. What is the normal physiological osmolarity range of bull semen?

150-175 mOsm/kg

280-310 mOsm/kg

350-360 mOsm/kg

210-230 mOsm/kg

#62. During which phase of spermiogenesis are the proacrosomal granules synthesized?

Cap phase

Golgi phase

Acrosomal phase

Maturation phase

#63. Where does the physiological process of sperm capacitation normally take place in the female reproductive tract?

Vagina and cervix

Lumen of the uterus and oviduct

Ovarian bursa

Peritoneal cavity

#64. Which lipid compound serves as the primary substrate utilized for endogenous respiration in spermatozoa?

Cholesterol

Plasmalogen

Lecithin

Fructose

#65. What is the correct angle of insertion for the AI gun through the vulva in cows to avoid entering the urethral opening?

Horizontal 0-degree angle

30-degree upward angle

45-degree downward angle

90-degree vertical angle

#66. What is the best anatomical site for deposition of cryopreserved bovine semen during artificial insemination (rectovaginal technique)?

Cranial vagina

Body of the uterus

Deep cervical ring

Uterine horns

#67. By whom and where was the first successful attempt at artificial insemination in cattle performed in India (1939)?

Dr. Bhattacharya at IVRI

Dr. Sampat Kumaran at Palace Dairy Farm, Mysore

Dr. Kurien at Anand

Dr. Gandotra at Ludhiana

#68. Each frozen semen straw of bull semen should contain a minimum of how many progressive motile spermatozoa for optimal fertility?

1 to 2 million

10 to 15 million

50 million

100 million

#69. The pH of seminal plasma is typically slightly in bulls, whereas it is in boars.

Acidic, Alkaline

Alkaline (6.7 to 7.4), Acidic (6.2 to 6.8)

Highly acidic, Neutral

Neutral, Highly alkaline

#70. During natural mating, where is semen deposited in cows/sheep versus mares/sows?

Intrauterinely in both

Intravaginally in cows/sheep; Intrauterinely in mares/sows

Intrauterinely in cows/sheep; Intravaginally in mares/sows

Intravaginally in both

#71. Which of the following domestic animals has a normal average gestation period of approximately 310 days?

Cow

Buffalo

Mare

Sow

#72. Bovine (cattle) placentation is classified under which of the following combinations of structural and histological categories?

Diffuse, Epitheliochorial, Syndesmochorial

Cotyledonary, Epitheliochorial, Syndesmochorial

Zonary, Endotheliochorial

Discoid, Hemochorial

#73. What is the placental classification in dogs (bitches) according to shape and tissue layers?

Diffuse and Epitheliochorial

Zonary and Endotheliochorial

Cotyledonary and Syndesmochorial

Discoid and Hemochorial

#74. Define ‘Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy’ (MRP) in domestic animals.

The initiation of parturition by the fetus

Physiological signaling by the conceptus to prevent luteolysis and maintain the CL

The immunological rejection of sperm

The descent of the fetus into the pelvis

#75. What is the primary maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) signal secreted by pig blastocysts (sows)?

Interferon tau

Embryonic Estrogens

Progesterone

hCG

#76. Why does the bitch (canine) not require a specific conceptus signal for the maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP)?

It has no corpus luteum

The luteal phase duration is virtually identical in both pregnant and non-pregnant cycles

Pregnancy is maintained by placental progesterone alone

It undergoes pseudopregnancy in every cycle

#77. Which type of transducer (probe) and frequency is standard for early transrectal ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis in cows?

Convex probe, 3.5 MHz

Linear probe, 7.5 MHz

Sector probe, 2.0 MHz

Linear probe, 15 MHz

#78. What is the optimum gestational timeline for performing bovine fetal sex determination via transrectal ultrasonography?

30 to 45 days

60 to 90 days

120 to 150 days

After 200 days

#79. Which diagnostic technique remains the most practical, reliable, and economic standard for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle?

Radiography

Transrectal palpation

Blood progesterone assay

Vaginal biopsy

#80. During transrectal palpation in cows, what is the first dependable, pathognomonic sign of pregnancy that can be felt from 35-40 days?

Asymmetry of uterine horns

Fetal membrane slip (slipping of chorioallantois)

Middle uterine artery fremitus

Palpation of the fetus

#81. The characteristic ‘fremitus’ (thrill or buzzing) of the middle uterine artery in cows can first be palpated on the gravid side during which gestational stage?

30 to 45 days of pregnancy

80 to 120 days of pregnancy

180 to 190 days of pregnancy

220 to 230 days of pregnancy

#82. Measuring estrogen levels in feces is a highly reliable and practical non-invasive method of pregnancy diagnosis in which species?

Cow (after Day 30)

Mare (after Day 120-150)

Bitch (after Day 20)

Sow (after Day 15)

#83. The historic Ascheim-Zondek (AZ) test was used to diagnose pregnancy in mares by injecting mare serum into immature rodents to detect which hormone?

Progesterone

Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG)

Estrogen

hCG

#84. What is ‘abdominal ballottement’ as applied to veterinary pregnancy diagnosis?

Rectal examination of ovarian structures

A late-gestation clinical method of palpating the fetus through the external abdominal wall

Ultrasonic scanning of fetal heartbeats

Hormonal assay of milk

#85. Dystocia caused by the failure of the cervix to dilate during parturition in pregnant ewes is clinically termed:

Cervical stenosis

Ring Womb

Uterine inertia

Wryneck

#86. To correct a uterine torsion in a cow or buffalo using the rolling method, in which direction must the animal be rolled?

Opposite to the direction of the torsion

In the same direction as the torsion

Strictly clockwise regardless of torsion direction

Strictly counter-clockwise

#87. Pre-cervical uterine torsion in dairy cattle is diagnosed primarily through which of the following procedures?

Abdominal radiography

Transrectal palpation of the broad ligaments

Vaginoscopy

Progesterone profiling

#88. The majority of bovine uterine torsions encountered clinically present as:

Pre-cervical and left-sided (counter-clockwise)

Post-cervical and right-sided (clockwise)

Pre-cervical and right-sided

Cervical and left-sided

#89. What are the immediate, life-threatening clinical complications associated with severe, uncorrected uterine torsions of high degrees?

Ovarian cyst formation

Uterine rupture and peritonitis

Metestrous bleeding

Nymphomania

#90. The fetal monster condition ‘Wryneck’ in foals is characterized by which clinical abnormalities?

Ankylosis, atrophy, and lateral deviation/contraction of the neck

Congenital absence of limbs

Excessive fluid accumulation in the fetal head

Duplication of cranial structures

#91. Which of the following represents the most common pathological complication during the third stage of labor in dairy cows?

Uterine prolapse

Retention of Placenta (ROP)

Uterine torsion

Secondary uterine inertia

#92. Which of the following are the primary long-term clinical sequelae of secondary uterine inertia in cattle?

Immediate rapid return to estrus

Retained placenta, metritis, and delayed uterine involution

Persistent nymphomania

Immediate conception upon insemination

#93. Parturient paresis (milk fever) in high-producing dairy cows is a metabolic disorder characterized by:

Severe hypomagnesemia and hyperesthesia

Progressive hypocalcemia, muscle weakness, and recumbency

Acute hyperglycemia and ketosis

Hyperkalemia and paralysis

#94. What is Ferguson’s reflex in parturition?

The neuroendocrine reflex where pressure on the cervix stimulates oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary

The reflex leading to pupillary constriction

The reflex of rumen regurgitation

The contraction of the abdominal muscles under cold shock

#95. Abortion during late gestation (6 to 9 months) in cattle, characterized by necrotic cotyledons, is classically caused by:

Trichomoniasis

Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)

Vibriosis

Listeriosis

#96. First-trimester abortions accompanied by pyometra and post-coital catarrh in cattle are classically caused by:

Brucella abortus

Trichomonas foetus (venereal protozoan)

Campylobacter fetus

Leptospira hardjo

#97. Which diagnostic test is legally standard for confirming Vibriosis (Campylobacter fetus) in a herd using virgin heifers?

Brucella ring test

Virgin heifer vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT)

Intradermal test

Serum neutralization test

#98. Which of the following clinical signs characterize bovine pyometra?

Estrogen excess, thin watery discharge, and regular cycles

Pus accumulation in the uterus, a retained persistent CL, and thickened doughy uterine walls

Severe systemic fever, rapid uterine involution, and follicular cysts

Anestrus with thin walls

#99. Which of the following represents an acquired testicular pathology in male animals, often caused by heat, stress, or advancing age?

Testicular hypoplasia

Testicular degeneration

Monorchidism

Segmental aplasia of the epididymis

#100. Constant, irregular heat behavior (nymphomania) in dairy cows is clinically linked to which of the following conditions?

Luteal cysts

Follicular cysts

Persistent corpus luteum

Ovarian hypoplasia

#101. Anovulatory ovarian follicles over 2-5 cm in diameter characterized by partially luteinized walls and progesterone secretion are defined as:

Follicular cysts

Luteal cysts

Cystic corpus luteum

Persistent CL

#102. Hermaphroditism and intersexuality in goats are highly associated with which genetic trait?

Horned gene

Polled gene (P)

Dwarfism

Color-sidedness

#103. Freemartinism is a form of intersexuality in heifers born co-twin with a male calf, which occurs due to:

Chromosomal duplication during meiosis

Chorionic vascular anastomosis around Day 30 of gestation allowing exchange of male hormones

Maternal nutrient deficiency

Infection with Brucellosis

#104. Congenital segmental aplasia of the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct system in male animals typically leads to:

Excessive size of seminal vesicles

Absence of the epididymis and vas deferens on the affected side

Failure of testicular descent

Hermaphroditism

#105. What pathological condition involves the failure of the corpus luteum to regress, preventing the return to estrus in cows?

Follicular cyst

Persistent corpus luteum (Persistent CL)

Luteal cyst

Ovarian atrophy

#106. A male pseudohermaphrodite is defined as an intersex animal that:

Possesses ovarian tissue but has male external genitalia

Phenotypically resembles a female but possesses testes

Has both ovaries and testes (true hermaphrodite)

Has no gonadal tissue

#107. What is the primary prerequisite for selecting a donor cow in Embryo Transfer (ET) protocols?

Must be prepubertal

Must be a genetically elite, normal cyclic animal with no reproductive pathology

Must be superovulated with progesterone alone

Must be a first-calf heifer

#108. For successful Embryo Transfer, at what developmental stage must embryos be recovered from the donor cow?

Zygote stage

Morula or Early Blastocyst stage

Late elongated blastocyst

Gastrula stage

#109. Which of the following represents the standard medium used for non-surgical embryo flushing in cattle?

Tris buffer

Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)

Normal saline with glycerol

Ringer's lactate

#110. On which day after artificial insemination are bovine embryos collected non-surgically from the donor cow?

Day 1 to 2

Day 6 to 8 (usually Day 7)

Day 12 to 14

Day 18 to 20

#111. Which exogenous gonadotropins are most commonly used to induce superovulation in cattle?

hCG or GnRH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) or Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG)

Progesterone and Estrogen

ACTH and Prolactin

#112. The birth of the first successful Embryo Transfer (ET) calf in world history (1951) was accomplished by which researchers?

Dr. Sampat Kumaran et al.

Willet et al.

Polge et al.

Chang et al.

#113. Which national agency launched and executed the first major Embryo Transfer (ET) project in India?

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)

National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI)

Amul Cooperatives

#114. How much progesterone is contained in a standard Progesterone Releasing Intra-vaginal Device (PRID) used for estrus synchronization?

100 mg

1.55 grams

5.0 grams

500 mg

#115. According to quality control standards, sex-sorted frozen semen straws must contain a minimum post-thaw progressive motile sperm concentration of:

1.0 million per straw

2.1 million progressively motile sperm per straw

10 million per straw

15 million per straw

#116. Which of the following organs is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

Anterior pituitary

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

Ovary

#117. What is the principal physiological function of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

Stimulating the preovulatory surge of LH and FSH

Stimulating progesterone secretion

Inducing uterine contractions

Promoting milk let-down

#118. Which hormone is directly responsible for preparing the uterine endometrium and mucosa for embryonic implantation?

Estrogen

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Progesterone

Prolactin

#119. Pregnancy maintenance in the sow is entirely dependent on progesterone produced from which of the following structures throughout gestation?

Placenta

Corpus Luteum

Adrenal cortex

Follicle

#120. Which of the following represents classical placental hormones found in domestic animals?

hCG and eCG

FSH and LH

ACTH and TSH

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

#121. Which exogenous hormone is characterized by having primarily LH-like luteinizing activity and is clinically used to induce ovulation?

Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Melatonin

#122. Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG / eCG) exhibits primarily which type of hormonal activity, making it highly effective for superovulation?

LH-like activity

FSH-like follicle-stimulating activity

ACTH-like activity

Progesterone-like activity

#123. Which essential hormones are responsible for the relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and cervical dilation during parturition?

Progesterone and LH

Relaxin and Estrogen

Oxytocin and Prolactin

ACTH and Cortisol

#124. What is the primary hormone responsible for the neuroendocrine reflex of milk let-down in dairy animals?

Prolactin

Oxytocin

Growth hormone

Estrogen

#125. Which cells of the testes secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) to concentrate testosterone within the seminiferous tubules?

Leydig cells

Sertoli cells

Myoid cells

Spermatogonia

#126. Which hormone (also known as Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone in males) is responsible for stimulating Leydig cells to secrete androgens?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

GnRH

Prolactin

#127. What chemical feature of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG) is responsible for its prolonged biological half-life in circulation?

High lipid content

High sialic acid content

Short peptide chains

High sulfur content

#128. Which endocrine event is directly responsible for initiating follicular rupture and ovulation in cows?

Progesterone surge

Surge of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

FSH decline

PGF2alpha release

#129. What is the primary native luteolytic factor originating from the endometrium in cows?

Progesterone

Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)

Oxytocin

Estrogen

#130. Which of the following is the key hormone responsible for cervical ripening and dilation during parturition?

Oxytocin

Relaxin

Progesterone

Inhibin

#131. Which of the following represents the longest phase of the bovine estrous cycle?

Proestrus

Estrus

Metestrus

Diestrus

#132. During embryonic development, which of the following female reproductive organs develop from the Müllerian (Paramesonephric) ducts?

Ovaries and cranial vagina

Uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina

Uterus and kidneys

Oviduct and clitoris

#133. Which substance, secreted by embryonic Sertoli cells, is responsible for the suppression and regression of Müllerian ducts in male embryos?

Testosterone

Müllerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)

Inhibin

Estrogen

#134. The gubernaculum testis is defined as which of the following structures that guides testicular descent into the scrotum?

A muscular sheath

Fibromuscular inguinal ligament of the gonad

An elastic vascular tube

A peritoneal fold

#135. In stallions, which anatomical structure enters the inguinal canal before the testis during fetal testicular descent?

Gubernaculum

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Pampiniform plexus

#136. The descent of testes into the scrotal cavity in swine occurs during which stage of development?

First trimester of pregnancy

During the last quarter of pregnancy/fetal life

Two months post-birth

At puberty

#137. After reaching puberty, how does the number of Sertoli cells in the testes of domestic animals change?

Increases continuously with age

Remains fixed and does not change

Decreases by 50%

Fluctuates seasonally

#138. How does the difference between scrotal temperature and rectal temperature in boars compare to other domestic species?

It is much larger

It is less than other species due to perineal positioning

It is exactly the same

Boars do not have scrotal temperature regulation

#139. The convoluted duct of the epididymis is extremely long. What is its approximate length in the stallion?

10 metres

36 metres

50 metres

80 metres

#140. From which embryological site do primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise before migrating to the genital ridge?

Genital ridge directly

Extragonadally (from the epiblast/yolk sac)

Mesonephros

Metanephros

#141. Gartner’s ducts in adult female cattle represent the blind remnants of which embryonic system?

Müllerian duct system

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct system

Pronephric duct system

Urogenital sinus

#142. Which accessory sex gland is responsible for secreting the characteristic gel-like fraction of boar semen?

Seminal vesicles

Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands

Prostate gland

Ampulla

#143. Embryonically, the bulbourethral gland is developed from which of the following structures?

Wolffian duct

Urogenital sinus

Müllerian duct

Mesonephric tubules

#144. Where is the sigmoid flexure positioned in the penis of the boar?

Postscrotal position

Prescrotal position

Perineal position

Infrascrotal position

#145. How does the total number of oocytes in the ovaries change from birth to puberty?

Increases due to mitotic divisions

Decreases continuously due to atresia

Remains constant

Doubles

#146. With regard to ion richness, spermatozoa are highly rich in compared to seminal plasma, which is rich in .

Sodium, Calcium

Potassium, Sodium

Sodium, Potassium

Magnesium, Zinc

#147. Which of the following is the primary production site of glyceryl phosphoryl choline (GPC) in the male reproductive tract?

Seminal vesicles

Epididymis

Testes

Prostate

#148. The anterior ovarian artery in domestic animals arises as a direct branch of which major blood vessel?

External iliac artery

Abdominal aorta

Internal iliac artery

Renal artery

#149. In which of the following domestic animals is the sigmoid flexure absent in the penis?

Bulls and Rams

Stallions and Dogs

Boars and Bulls

Bucks and Rams

#150. Which of the following structures is NOT a content of the spermatic cord?

Vas deferens

Dartos muscle

Cremaster muscle

Spermatic vessels

#151. What is the correct chronological sequence of the phases in the bovine estrous cycle?

Proestrus → Metestrus → Estrus → Diestrus

Proestrus → Estrus → Metestrus → Diestrus

Estrus → Proestrus → Metestrus → Diestrus

Diestrus → Metestrus → Proestrus → Estrus

#152. What is the normal duration of active standing estrus in cows?

2 to 4 hours

12 to 24 hours

36 to 48 hours

3 to 4 days

#153. What is the physiological cause of metestrous bleeding commonly observed in heifers?

Progesterone surge

Estrogen withdrawal leading to capillary engorgement

Rupture of the uterine wall

Luteolysis

#154. The ‘winking of the clitoris’ is a pathognomonic behavioral sign of active estrus in which of the following animals?

Cow

Mare

Sow

Bitch

#155. How do three-wave follicular patterns affect the estrous cycle length of cows compared to two-wave patterns?

They shorten the cycle length

They increase the cycle length (~22-23 days vs. ~19-20 days)

They have no effect on cycle length

They cause persistent anestrus

#156. What is the major clinical disadvantage of using PMSG (eCG) in estrus synchronization protocols?

Its very short half-life

Its prolonged half-life causing persistent follicles and accessory CLs

It causes anaphylactic shock in all animals

It inhibits ovulation completely

#157. For Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) to be effective in treating false anoestrus (subestrus) in cows, what ovarian structure must be present?

Developing follicle

Mature, functional corpus luteum

Atretic follicle

Ovarian cyst

#158. Silent estrus (silent heat) is a major reproductive management challenge highly prevalent and commonly observed in which animal?

Mare

Buffalo

Sow

Ewe

#159. What is the transient corpus luteum of the non-pregnant estrous cycle called?

Corpus luteum verum

Corpus luteum spurium

Corpus albicans

Corpus hemorrhagicum

#160. At what time does ovulation typically occur in cows?

During early proestrus

10 to 14 hours after the end of estrus (spontaneous post-estrus)

Coitus-induced during estrus

48 hours before estrus signs

#161. Which of the following is NOT used as an aid for estrus detection in cows?

Teaser bulls

Ferguson's reflex

Standing heat response

Tail painting

#162. Cystic ovarian degeneration (follicular and luteal cysts) in dairy cows develops primarily due to a failure in which endocrine event?

PGF2alpha release

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) surge

Progesterone withdrawal

ACTH release

#163. The behavioral manifestation of ‘Nymphomania’ (constant, irregular heat) in dairy cows is clinically linked to which condition?

Luteal cysts

Follicular cysts

Persistent corpus luteum

Ovarian hypoplasia

#164. Anovulatory ovarian structures over 2-5 cm in diameter characterized by partially luteinized walls and progesterone secretion are classified as:

Follicular cysts

Luteal cysts

Cystic corpus luteum

Persistent CL

#165. What is ‘split estrus’, a condition commonly observed in heifers and mares?

An estrus cycle with two ovulations in one wave

Active estrus split into two phases separated by a short non-receptive period

Estrus signs accompanied by metestrous bleeding

Estrus without ovulation

#166. At what temperature are semen straws stored in liquid nitrogen for cryopreservation?

-79°C

-196°C

0°C

4°C

#167. What material is strictly used for manufacturing frozen semen straws in modern cryopreservation?

Polyethylene

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Glass

Modulated rubber

#168. Which of the following animal species yields the largest semen volume in a single normal ejaculate?

Stallion

Boar (reaches 150-250 ml)

Bull

Ram

#169. What is the standard thawing protocol for 0.25 ml or 0.5 ml bovine semen straws?

30°C for 5 minutes

37°C for 30 seconds

50°C for 10 seconds

Thawing in running tap water for 15 minutes

#170. What is the optimum water temperature inside a bull’s artificial vagina (AV) at the time of semen collection?

37°C to 39°C

42°C to 46°C

50°C to 55°C

30°C to 35°C

#171. During bull semen collection using an AV, which factor is of greater importance for successful ejaculation?

AV inner pressure

AV inner temperature

AV lubrication level

Angle of mounting

#172. What is the primary method employed for semen collection in dogs?

Artificial Vagina

Digital manipulation (manual massage)

Electro-ejaculation

Vaginal recovery

#173. Which technique is standard and recommended for semen collection in boars?

Artificial Vagina

Gloved hand technique

Electro-ejaculation

Manual massage of ampulla

#174. Which of the following is the most widely used intracellular cryoprotectant for freezing bovine semen?

DMSO

Glycerol

Ethylene glycol

Methanol

#175. Which of the following is the most common extender used for cryopreservation of bovine semen?

Ringer's lactate

Tris-buffered egg yolk glycerol diluent

Phosphate buffered saline

Skim milk diluent

#176. What is the normal physiological osmolarity range of bull semen?

150-175 mOsm/kg

280-310 mOsm/kg

350-360 mOsm/kg

210-230 mOsm/kg

#177. During which phase of spermiogenesis are the proacrosomal granules synthesized?

Cap phase

Golgi phase

Acrosomal phase

Maturation phase

#178. Where does the physiological process of sperm capacitation normally take place in the female reproductive tract?

Vagina and cervix

Lumen of the uterus and oviduct

Ovarian bursa

Peritoneal cavity

#179. Which lipid compound serves as the primary substrate utilized for endogenous respiration in spermatozoa?

Cholesterol

Plasmalogen

Lecithin

Fructose

#180. What is the correct angle of insertion for the AI gun through the vulva in cows to avoid entering the urethral opening?

Horizontal 0-degree angle

30-degree upward angle

45-degree downward angle

90-degree vertical angle

#181. What is the best anatomical site for deposition of cryopreserved bovine semen during artificial insemination (rectovaginal technique)?

Cranial vagina

Body of the uterus

Deep cervical ring

Uterine horns

#182. By whom and where was the first successful attempt at artificial insemination in cattle performed in India (1939)?

Dr. Bhattacharya at IVRI

Dr. Sampat Kumaran at Palace Dairy Farm, Mysore

Dr. Kurien at Anand

Dr. Gandotra at Ludhiana

#183. Each frozen semen straw of bull semen should contain a minimum of how many progressive motile spermatozoa for optimal fertility?

1 to 2 million

10 to 15 million

50 million

100 million

#184. The pH of seminal plasma is typically slightly in bulls, whereas it is in boars.

Acidic, Alkaline

Alkaline (6.7 to 7.4), Acidic (6.2 to 6.8)

Highly acidic, Neutral

Neutral, Highly alkaline

#185. During natural mating, where is semen deposited in cows/sheep versus mares/sows?

Intrauterinely in both

Intravaginally in cows/sheep; Intrauterinely in mares/sows

Intrauterinely in cows/sheep; Intravaginally in mares/sows

Intravaginally in both

#186. Which of the following domestic animals has a normal average gestation period of approximately 310 days?

Cow

Buffalo

Mare

Sow

#187. Bovine (cattle) placentation is classified under which of the following combinations of structural and histological categories?

Diffuse, Epitheliochorial, Syndesmochorial

Cotyledonary, Epitheliochorial, Syndesmochorial

Zonary, Endotheliochorial

Discoid, Hemochorial

#188. What is the placental classification in dogs (bitches) according to shape and tissue layers?

Diffuse and Epitheliochorial

Zonary and Endotheliochorial

Cotyledonary and Syndesmochorial

Discoid and Hemochorial

#189. Define ‘Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy’ (MRP) in domestic animals.

The initiation of parturition by the fetus

Physiological signaling by the conceptus to prevent luteolysis and maintain the CL

The immunological rejection of sperm

The descent of the fetus into the pelvis

#190. What is the primary maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) signal secreted by pig blastocysts (sows)?

Interferon tau

Embryonic Estrogens

Progesterone

hCG

#191. Why does the bitch (canine) not require a specific conceptus signal for the maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP)?

It has no corpus luteum

The luteal phase duration is virtually identical in both pregnant and non-pregnant cycles

Pregnancy is maintained by placental progesterone alone

It undergoes pseudopregnancy in every cycle

#192. Which type of transducer (probe) and frequency is standard for early transrectal ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis in cows?

Convex probe, 3.5 MHz

Linear probe, 7.5 MHz

Sector probe, 2.0 MHz

Linear probe, 15 MHz

#193. What is the optimum gestational timeline for performing bovine fetal sex determination via transrectal ultrasonography?

30 to 45 days

60 to 90 days

120 to 150 days

After 200 days

#194. Which diagnostic technique remains the most practical, reliable, and economic standard for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle?

Radiography

Transrectal palpation

Blood progesterone assay

Vaginal biopsy

#195. During transrectal palpation in cows, what is the first dependable, pathognomonic sign of pregnancy that can be felt from 35-40 days?

Asymmetry of uterine horns

Fetal membrane slip (slipping of chorioallantois)

Middle uterine artery fremitus

Palpation of the fetus

#196. The characteristic ‘fremitus’ (thrill or buzzing) of the middle uterine artery in cows can first be palpated on the gravid side during which gestational stage?

30 to 45 days of pregnancy

80 to 120 days of pregnancy

180 to 190 days of pregnancy

220 to 230 days of pregnancy

#197. Measuring estrogen levels in feces is a highly reliable and practical non-invasive method of pregnancy diagnosis in which species?

Cow (after Day 30)

Mare (after Day 120-150)

Bitch (after Day 20)

Sow (after Day 15)

#198. The historic Ascheim-Zondek (AZ) test was used to diagnose pregnancy in mares by injecting mare serum into immature rodents to detect which hormone?

Progesterone

Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG)

Estrogen

hCG

#199. What is ‘abdominal ballottement’ as applied to veterinary pregnancy diagnosis?

Rectal examination of ovarian structures

A late-gestation clinical method of palpating the fetus through the external abdominal wall

Ultrasonic scanning of fetal heartbeats

Hormonal assay of milk

#200. Dystocia caused by the failure of the cervix to dilate during parturition in pregnant ewes is clinically termed:

Cervical stenosis

Ring Womb

Uterine inertia

Wryneck

#201. To correct a uterine torsion in a cow or buffalo using the rolling method, in which direction must the animal be rolled?

Opposite to the direction of the torsion

In the same direction as the torsion

Strictly clockwise regardless of torsion direction

Strictly counter-clockwise

#202. Pre-cervical uterine torsion in dairy cattle is diagnosed primarily through which of the following procedures?

Abdominal radiography

Transrectal palpation of the broad ligaments

Vaginoscopy

Progesterone profiling

#203. The majority of bovine uterine torsions encountered clinically present as:

Pre-cervical and left-sided (counter-clockwise)

Post-cervical and right-sided (clockwise)

Pre-cervical and right-sided

Cervical and left-sided

#204. What are the immediate, life-threatening clinical complications associated with severe, uncorrected uterine torsions of high degrees?

Ovarian cyst formation

Uterine rupture and peritonitis

Metestrous bleeding

Nymphomania

#205. The fetal monster condition ‘Wryneck’ in foals is characterized by which clinical abnormalities?

Ankylosis, atrophy, and lateral deviation/contraction of the neck

Congenital absence of limbs

Excessive fluid accumulation in the fetal head

Duplication of cranial structures

#206. Which of the following represents the most common pathological complication during the third stage of labor in dairy cows?

Uterine prolapse

Retention of Placenta (ROP)

Uterine torsion

Secondary uterine inertia

#207. Which of the following are the primary long-term clinical sequelae of secondary uterine inertia in cattle?

Immediate rapid return to estrus

Retained placenta, metritis, and delayed uterine involution

Persistent nymphomania

Immediate conception upon insemination

#208. Parturient paresis (milk fever) in high-producing dairy cows is a metabolic disorder characterized by:

Severe hypomagnesemia and hyperesthesia

Progressive hypocalcemia, muscle weakness, and recumbency

Acute hyperglycemia and ketosis

Hyperkalemia and paralysis

#209. What is Ferguson’s reflex in parturition?

The neuroendocrine reflex where pressure on the cervix stimulates oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary

The reflex leading to pupillary constriction

The reflex of rumen regurgitation

The contraction of the abdominal muscles under cold shock

#210. Abortion during late gestation (6 to 9 months) in cattle, characterized by necrotic cotyledons, is classically caused by:

Trichomoniasis

Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)

Vibriosis

Listeriosis

#211. First-trimester abortions accompanied by pyometra and post-coital catarrh in cattle are classically caused by:

Brucella abortus

Trichomonas foetus (venereal protozoan)

Campylobacter fetus

Leptospira hardjo

#212. Which diagnostic test is legally standard for confirming Vibriosis (Campylobacter fetus) in a herd using virgin heifers?

Brucella ring test

Virgin heifer vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT)

Intradermal test

Serum neutralization test

#213. Which of the following clinical signs characterize bovine pyometra?

Estrogen excess, thin watery discharge, and regular cycles

Pus accumulation in the uterus, a retained persistent CL, and thickened doughy uterine walls

Severe systemic fever, rapid uterine involution, and follicular cysts

Anestrus with thin walls

#214. Which of the following represents an acquired testicular pathology in male animals, often caused by heat, stress, or advancing age?

Testicular hypoplasia

Testicular degeneration

Monorchidism

Segmental aplasia of the epididymis

#215. Constant, irregular heat behavior (nymphomania) in dairy cows is clinically linked to which of the following conditions?

Luteal cysts

Follicular cysts

Persistent corpus luteum

Ovarian hypoplasia

#216. Anovulatory ovarian follicles over 2-5 cm in diameter characterized by partially luteinized walls and progesterone secretion are defined as:

Follicular cysts

Luteal cysts

Cystic corpus luteum

Persistent CL

#217. Hermaphroditism and intersexuality in goats are highly associated with which genetic trait?

Horned gene

Polled gene (P)

Dwarfism

Color-sidedness

#218. Freemartinism is a form of intersexuality in heifers born co-twin with a male calf, which occurs due to:

Chromosomal duplication during meiosis

Chorionic vascular anastomosis around Day 30 of gestation allowing exchange of male hormones

Maternal nutrient deficiency

Infection with Brucellosis

#219. Congenital segmental aplasia of the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct system in male animals typically leads to:

Excessive size of seminal vesicles

Absence of the epididymis and vas deferens on the affected side

Failure of testicular descent

Hermaphroditism

#220. What pathological condition involves the failure of the corpus luteum to regress, preventing the return to estrus in cows?

Follicular cyst

Persistent corpus luteum (Persistent CL)

Luteal cyst

Ovarian atrophy

#221. A male pseudohermaphrodite is defined as an intersex animal that:

Possesses ovarian tissue but has male external genitalia

Phenotypically resembles a female but possesses testes

Has both ovaries and testes (true hermaphrodite)

Has no gonadal tissue

#222. What is the primary prerequisite for selecting a donor cow in Embryo Transfer (ET) protocols?

Must be prepubertal

Must be a genetically elite, normal cyclic animal with no reproductive pathology

Must be superovulated with progesterone alone

Must be a first-calf heifer

#223. For successful Embryo Transfer, at what developmental stage must embryos be recovered from the donor cow?

Zygote stage

Morula or Early Blastocyst stage

Late elongated blastocyst

Gastrula stage

#224. Which of the following represents the standard medium used for non-surgical embryo flushing in cattle?

Tris buffer

Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)

Normal saline with glycerol

Ringer's lactate

#225. On which day after artificial insemination are bovine embryos collected non-surgically from the donor cow?

Day 1 to 2

Day 6 to 8 (usually Day 7)

Day 12 to 14

Day 18 to 20

#226. Which exogenous gonadotropins are most commonly used to induce superovulation in cattle?

hCG or GnRH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) or Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG)

Progesterone and Estrogen

ACTH and Prolactin

#227. The birth of the first successful Embryo Transfer (ET) calf in world history (1951) was accomplished by which researchers?

Dr. Sampat Kumaran et al.

Willet et al.

Polge et al.

Chang et al.

#228. Which national agency launched and executed the first major Embryo Transfer (ET) project in India?

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)

National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI)

Amul Cooperatives

#229. How much progesterone is contained in a standard Progesterone Releasing Intra-vaginal Device (PRID) used for estrus synchronization?

100 mg

1.55 grams

5.0 grams

500 mg

#230. According to quality control standards, sex-sorted frozen semen straws must contain a minimum post-thaw progressive motile sperm concentration of:

1.0 million per straw

2.1 million progressively motile sperm per straw

10 million per straw

15 million per straw

Finish

Results

#1. Which of the following organs is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

#2. What is the principal physiological function of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

#3. Which hormone is directly responsible for preparing the uterine endometrium and mucosa for embryonic implantation?

#4. Pregnancy maintenance in the sow is entirely dependent on progesterone produced from which of the following structures throughout gestation?

#5. Which of the following represents classical placental hormones found in domestic animals?

#6. Which exogenous hormone is characterized by having primarily LH-like luteinizing activity and is clinically used to induce ovulation?

#7. Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG / eCG) exhibits primarily which type of hormonal activity, making it highly effective for superovulation?

#8. Which essential hormones are responsible for the relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and cervical dilation during parturition?

#9. What is the primary hormone responsible for the neuroendocrine reflex of milk let-down in dairy animals?

#10. Which cells of the testes secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) to concentrate testosterone within the seminiferous tubules?

#11. Which hormone (also known as Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone in males) is responsible for stimulating Leydig cells to secrete androgens?

#12. What chemical feature of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG) is responsible for its prolonged biological half-life in circulation?

#13. Which endocrine event is directly responsible for initiating follicular rupture and ovulation in cows?

#14. What is the primary native luteolytic factor originating from the endometrium in cows?

#15. Which of the following is the key hormone responsible for cervical ripening and dilation during parturition?

#16. Which of the following represents the longest phase of the bovine estrous cycle?

#17. During embryonic development, which of the following female reproductive organs develop from the Müllerian (Paramesonephric) ducts?

#18. Which substance, secreted by embryonic Sertoli cells, is responsible for the suppression and regression of Müllerian ducts in male embryos?

#19. The gubernaculum testis is defined as which of the following structures that guides testicular descent into the scrotum?

#20. In stallions, which anatomical structure enters the inguinal canal before the testis during fetal testicular descent?

#21. The descent of testes into the scrotal cavity in swine occurs during which stage of development?

#22. After reaching puberty, how does the number of Sertoli cells in the testes of domestic animals change?

#23. How does the difference between scrotal temperature and rectal temperature in boars compare to other domestic species?

#24. The convoluted duct of the epididymis is extremely long. What is its approximate length in the stallion?

#25. From which embryological site do primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise before migrating to the genital ridge?

#26. Gartner’s ducts in adult female cattle represent the blind remnants of which embryonic system?

#27. Which accessory sex gland is responsible for secreting the characteristic gel-like fraction of boar semen?

#28. Embryonically, the bulbourethral gland is developed from which of the following structures?

#29. Where is the sigmoid flexure positioned in the penis of the boar?

#30. How does the total number of oocytes in the ovaries change from birth to puberty?

#31. With regard to ion richness, spermatozoa are highly rich in ______ compared to seminal plasma, which is rich in ______.

#32. Which of the following is the primary production site of glyceryl phosphoryl choline (GPC) in the male reproductive tract?

#33. The anterior ovarian artery in domestic animals arises as a direct branch of which major blood vessel?

#34. In which of the following domestic animals is the sigmoid flexure absent in the penis?

#35. Which of the following structures is NOT a content of the spermatic cord?

#36. What is the correct chronological sequence of the phases in the bovine estrous cycle?

#37. What is the normal duration of active standing estrus in cows?

#38. What is the physiological cause of metestrous bleeding commonly observed in heifers?

#39. The ‘winking of the clitoris’ is a pathognomonic behavioral sign of active estrus in which of the following animals?

#40. How do three-wave follicular patterns affect the estrous cycle length of cows compared to two-wave patterns?

#41. What is the major clinical disadvantage of using PMSG (eCG) in estrus synchronization protocols?

#42. For Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) to be effective in treating false anoestrus (subestrus) in cows, what ovarian structure must be present?

#43. Silent estrus (silent heat) is a major reproductive management challenge highly prevalent and commonly observed in which animal?

#44. What is the transient corpus luteum of the non-pregnant estrous cycle called?

#45. At what time does ovulation typically occur in cows?

#46. Which of the following is NOT used as an aid for estrus detection in cows?

#47. Cystic ovarian degeneration (follicular and luteal cysts) in dairy cows develops primarily due to a failure in which endocrine event?

#48. The behavioral manifestation of ‘Nymphomania’ (constant, irregular heat) in dairy cows is clinically linked to which condition?

#49. Anovulatory ovarian structures over 2-5 cm in diameter characterized by partially luteinized walls and progesterone secretion are classified as:

#50. What is ‘split estrus’, a condition commonly observed in heifers and mares?

#51. At what temperature are semen straws stored in liquid nitrogen for cryopreservation?

#52. What material is strictly used for manufacturing frozen semen straws in modern cryopreservation?

#53. Which of the following animal species yields the largest semen volume in a single normal ejaculate?

#54. What is the standard thawing protocol for 0.25 ml or 0.5 ml bovine semen straws?

#55. What is the optimum water temperature inside a bull’s artificial vagina (AV) at the time of semen collection?

#56. During bull semen collection using an AV, which factor is of greater importance for successful ejaculation?

#57. What is the primary method employed for semen collection in dogs?

#58. Which technique is standard and recommended for semen collection in boars?

#59. Which of the following is the most widely used intracellular cryoprotectant for freezing bovine semen?

#60. Which of the following is the most common extender used for cryopreservation of bovine semen?

#61. What is the normal physiological osmolarity range of bull semen?

#62. During which phase of spermiogenesis are the proacrosomal granules synthesized?

#63. Where does the physiological process of sperm capacitation normally take place in the female reproductive tract?

#64. Which lipid compound serves as the primary substrate utilized for endogenous respiration in spermatozoa?

#65. What is the correct angle of insertion for the AI gun through the vulva in cows to avoid entering the urethral opening?

#66. What is the best anatomical site for deposition of cryopreserved bovine semen during artificial insemination (rectovaginal technique)?

#67. By whom and where was the first successful attempt at artificial insemination in cattle performed in India (1939)?

#68. Each frozen semen straw of bull semen should contain a minimum of how many progressive motile spermatozoa for optimal fertility?

#69. The pH of seminal plasma is typically slightly ______ in bulls, whereas it is ______ in boars.

#70. During natural mating, where is semen deposited in cows/sheep versus mares/sows?

#71. Which of the following domestic animals has a normal average gestation period of approximately 310 days?

#72. Bovine (cattle) placentation is classified under which of the following combinations of structural and histological categories?

#73. What is the placental classification in dogs (bitches) according to shape and tissue layers?

#74. Define ‘Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy’ (MRP) in domestic animals.

#75. What is the primary maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) signal secreted by pig blastocysts (sows)?

#76. Why does the bitch (canine) not require a specific conceptus signal for the maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP)?

#77. Which type of transducer (probe) and frequency is standard for early transrectal ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis in cows?

#78. What is the optimum gestational timeline for performing bovine fetal sex determination via transrectal ultrasonography?

#79. Which diagnostic technique remains the most practical, reliable, and economic standard for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle?

#31. With regard to ion richness, spermatozoa are highly rich in compared to seminal plasma, which is rich in .

#69. The pH of seminal plasma is typically slightly in bulls, whereas it is in boars.

#146. With regard to ion richness, spermatozoa are highly rich in compared to seminal plasma, which is rich in .